Subject: Indian Society

The rapid urbanization in India, marked by a surge from 31.16% urban population in 2011 to an expected 50% by 2050, has led to numerous social challenges that require immediate attention and systematic intervention.

Social Problems Associated with Urbanization

Housing and Slum Proliferation

• Inadequate Housing: About 65 million people (27% of urban population) live in slums, with Delhi alone projected to have 33 million slum dwellers by 2025.
• Emergence of unauthorized colonies and informal settlements leading to poor living conditions and social exclusion.
• Limited access to basic amenities like clean water, sanitation, and electricity in these settlements.

Health and Healthcare Issues

• Urban Poor Health Crisis: Studies from 2023-25 indicate worse health outcomes for urban poor compared to rural counterparts.
• Higher child mortality rates among the poorest 20% urban population, exceeding even some African nations.
• Limited access to primary and secondary healthcare despite better urban infrastructure.

Crime and Social Security

• Urban areas recorded a crime rate of 445.9 per 100,000 people in 2024.
• 4% increase in crimes against women, highlighting gender-based vulnerability in urban spaces.
• Rise in cyber crimes and economic offenses in metropolitan areas.

Infrastructure and Governance

• Municipal Finance Crisis: Stagnant municipal finances affecting basic service delivery.
• Government's target of ₹70 lakh crore investment by 2036 for infrastructure development remains inadequate.
• Poor absorption capacity of urban local bodies affecting implementation of development schemes.

Social Fragmentation

• Breakdown of traditional social support systems and community bonds.
• Rising economic inequality leading to social polarization.
• Cultural displacement and loss of identity among migrant populations.

Way Forward

• Implementation of inclusive urban planning through schemes like PMAY-Urban and Smart Cities Mission.
• Strengthening urban healthcare systems through initiatives like National Urban Health Mission.
• Promoting social integration through community participation and cultural programs.

The path to sustainable urbanization lies in addressing these challenges through a combination of policy interventions, community participation, and improved urban governance mechanisms like AMRUT 2.0 and National Urban Digital Mission.