UPSC 2013 Mains GS2 Model Answer - Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India.

Model Answer:

Pressure groups in India, often considered the informal face of politics, play a crucial role in influencing public policy outside of formal political channels. They represent specific interests, lobbying for favorable policies while shaping public opinion and policy debates.

Structure and Types of Pressure Groups:

• Interest-Based Groups: These include trade unions, business associations (like FICCI), farmers’ groups, and professional bodies, each focusing on sector-specific interests.
• Issue-Based Groups: Organizations like environmental NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace India) or human rights groups advocate for specific issues, often gaining support from the public and civil society.
• Religious and Caste-Based Groups: Groups representing religious or caste interests (e.g., Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad) play an influential role in mobilizing communities for collective demands.

Functioning and Influence:

• Policy Influence: Pressure groups use lobbying, media, and public campaigns to sway legislators and shape policies.
• Mobilization: They organize rallies, petitions, and demonstrations to attract attention to issues, often pressuring the government to respond.

‍Although informal, pressure groups significantly impact Indian politics, contributing to a dynamic democratic process by representing diverse interests. However, transparency and accountability in their functioning remain areas for improvement.

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