Q1. The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The local self-government system in India, implemented under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, was intended to empower rural and urban bodies, ensuring grassroots democracy. However, it has faced several challenges that hinder its effectiveness as an instrument of governance.

Body

Issues:

  1. Lack of Financial Autonomy: Despite the constitutional mandate, local bodies often depend heavily on state governments for funds, limiting their capacity to undertake developmental activities. According to the 15th Finance Commission, local governments contribute only around 4-5% to total public spending.
  2. Political Interference: State governments frequently interfere in the functioning of local bodies, weakening their authority. In many cases, local elections are delayed or influenced by political agendas, undermining democratic decentralization.
  3. Capacity Deficits: Local representatives often lack the administrative skills required to manage finances and implement programs. This issue is compounded by limited training and awareness.
  4. Gender and Caste Bias: Despite reservation policies for women and marginalized communities, actual decision-making power often remains with male or dominant caste members, limiting true representation.

Improvements:

  1. Financial Empowerment: Local governments need greater fiscal devolution, as recommended by the 15th Finance Commission, which allocated ₹2.36 lakh crore for rural and urban bodies.
  2. Capacity Building: Regular training programs for local representatives and officials can enhance governance efficiency.
  3. Decentralization of Power: Reducing state control and ensuring timely elections, as mandated by law, will strengthen local governance.
  4. Community Participation: Encouraging citizen participation in local governance can enhance transparency and accountability. 
  5. Strengthening Accountability Mechanisms: Citizen participation in decision-making processes, through tools like Gram Sabhas and social audits, must be institutionalized to enhance accountability. The success of such initiatives in states like Andhra Pradesh highlights the potential of participatory governance.

Conclusion

By addressing these issues, local self-government can become a more effective tool for governance in India. 

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