Q15. Environmental Impact Assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before a project is cleared by the Government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at coal pitheads.

Model Answer:

Introduction

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical process employed by governments to evaluate the potential environmental effects of proposed projects before granting approvals. Coal-fired thermal plants, particularly those located at coal pitheads, are essential for energy generation in many countries, including India. However, these plants pose significant environmental challenges that must be addressed to ensure sustainable development.

Body

Environmental Impacts of Coal-Fired Thermal Plants

• Air Pollution
  • Emission of Greenhouse Gases: Coal combustion releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.
  • Release of Pollutants: These plants emit sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter, leading to respiratory diseases and acid rain.
• Water Resource Degradation
  • Water Consumption: Coal thermal plants require significant water for cooling, impacting local water availability, especially in arid regions.
  • Water Pollution: Effluents containing heavy metals and chemicals from coal processing can contaminate nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and drinking water quality.
• Land Degradation
  • Coal Mining Activities: The extraction of coal often leads to habitat destruction, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, particularly in sensitive ecosystems.
  • Waste Generation: Coal combustion generates ash and slag, which require proper disposal to prevent soil and water contamination.
• Biodiversity Loss
  • Impact on Flora and Fauna: The establishment of coal plants and associated mining activities can lead to habitat destruction, threatening local flora and fauna.
  • Fragmentation of Ecosystems: Infrastructure development for coal plants can fragment habitats, disrupting wildlife movement and breeding patterns.
• Social Impacts
  • Displacement of Communities: Construction of coal plants and mines may require land acquisition, displacing local communities and impacting their livelihoods.
  • Health Risks: Increased pollution levels contribute to health risks among nearby populations, leading to higher healthcare costs and economic burdens.

Conclusion

‍While coal-fired thermal plants at coal pitheads are vital for energy generation, their environmental impacts are substantial and multifaceted. Effective EIA processes can help identify, mitigate, and manage these impacts through informed decision-making and sustainable practices. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources and improving coal plant technology can significantly reduce their environmental footprint, aligning energy needs with ecological preservation.

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