Q2. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism.
Model Answer:
Introduction
The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system, with a division of powers between the Centre and the states. However, unlike traditional federations, Indian federalism exhibits a strong bias toward centralization, allowing the Centre greater control over state affairs. This unique balance of federalism aims to preserve unity while accommodating diversity, but it often tilts towards central authority.
Body
Features of Indian Federalism Leaning Toward a Strong Centre
- Single Constitution and Single Citizenship: Unlike other federations, India has a single constitution and citizenship, emphasising the indivisibility of the Union and reinforcing national unity over state autonomy.
- Division of Powers with Residual Powers to the Centre: The Constitution divides subjects into Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, with residual powers resting with the Centre. This division often grants the Centre more control over significant legislative matters, limiting state sovereignty.
- Emergency Provisions: The President can impose an emergency under Articles 352, 356, and 360, granting the Centre sweeping powers to intervene in state affairs, temporarily suspending federal autonomy and centralising authority.
- Governor’s Role: Appointed by the President, the Governor acts as the Centre's representative, wielding influence over state governance. This role can create friction, as seen in the frequent use of Article 356 (President's Rule).
- Financial Centralization: The Centre controls significant revenue sources and allocates funds to states, which can restrict state financial independence, making them dependent on central grants and resources.
- Inter-State Relations and Planning: Institutions like the Inter-State Council and the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) facilitate cooperation but often operate under central guidance, impacting state decision-making.
Conclusion
While federalism is a basic feature of the Indian Constitution, its framework is designed to maintain a unified yet diverse nation. By favouring a strong Centre, Indian federalism attempts to balance state autonomy with national integrity. However, greater devolution of powers and cooperative federalism could further strengthen India’s federal structure, making it more balanced and inclusive.
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