Subject: International Relations

India's stance on climate change has evolved significantly, reflecting both environmental consciousness and geopolitical realities. The nation has emerged as a key player in global climate action while balancing its developmental needs with environmental responsibilities.

Evolution of India's Climate Policy

• Pre-Paris Agreement Era: India initially maintained a defensive position emphasizing historical responsibility of developed nations and right to development.

• Post-Paris Transformation: Shifted to proactive climate leadership through International Solar Alliance (ISA) and ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Key Policy Commitments and Initiatives

• Enhanced NDCs (2022):

  • Targeting 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 2030 from 2005 levels.
  • Achieving 50% cumulative electric power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
  • Creating additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 through forest cover.

• International Leadership:

  • Leading Green Hydrogen Innovation Centre establishment.
  • Implementing solar projects across Africa and Indo-Pacific regions.
  • Championing climate justice at COP27 and COP28.

Geopolitical Dimensions

• Strategic Partnerships:

  • U.S.-India Climate Partnership: Focusing on clean energy deployment and technology transfer.
  • Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP): Expanding manufacturing capacity in renewable sector.

• G20 Leadership:

  • Utilizing presidency to advance clean energy agenda.
  • Promoting global south perspective on climate finance.

Balancing Act

• Development vs Environment:
  • Advocating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle.
  • Demanding increased climate finance from developed nations.

India's evolving climate policy reflects a delicate balance between domestic development needs and global environmental responsibilities, as demonstrated through initiatives like "One Sun, One World, One Grid" and commitment to achieve Net-Zero by 2070.