Subject: Economy

India's nuclear energy programme stands at a crucial juncture as the nation grapples with balancing its growing energy demands and environmental commitments. The program's expansion requires careful consideration of both scientific facts and public concerns.

Facts Supporting Nuclear Energy Expansion

• Energy Security and Capacity: With 25 operational nuclear reactors across 8 power plants generating 8,880 MW capacity, nuclear energy contributes approximately 3% to India's total power generation as of 2025.

• Public Support: According to 2023 Savanta survey, support for nuclear energy in India is three times higher than opposition, indicating strong social acceptance.

• Clean Energy Source: Nuclear power produces minimal carbon emissions during operation, supporting India's COP26 commitments and Net Zero targets.

• Economic Viability: Nuclear plants offer high capacity utilization factors and long operational lifespans, providing stable baseload power for industrial growth.

Fears and Challenges

• Safety Concerns: Past incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima have raised legitimate safety concerns about nuclear accidents.

• Waste Management: Though India has developed a comprehensive nuclear waste management strategy including:

  • Vitrification of high-level waste.
  • Storage in Solid Storage Surveillance Facility.
  • Strict regulatory clearance for waste disposal.

• Cost Implications: High initial capital costs and long construction periods pose financial challenges.

Way Forward

• Technology Integration: Implementing Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) technology for enhanced safety.

• Capacity Building: Strengthening human resources through institutions like BARC and NPCIL.

• Public Awareness: Conducting transparent communication about safety measures and emergency protocols.

The strategic importance of nuclear energy in India's energy mix cannot be understated. With proper safety protocols, waste management, and public engagement, expanding the nuclear program is crucial for meeting India's growing energy needs while maintaining environmental sustainability. The success of projects like Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant demonstrates India's capability to safely harness nuclear energy for development.