Subject: Environment & Ecology

India's success in wetland conservation is reflected in its growing number of Ramsar sites, which increased to 89 with the recent addition of four new wetlands between 2023-2025. These ecosystems serve as crucial biodiversity hotspots and natural carbon sinks.

Definition and Characteristics of Wetlands

• According to the Ramsar Convention, wetlands are defined as areas of marsh, fen, peatland, or water that can be:
  • Natural or artificial.
  • Permanent or temporary.
  • Static or flowing water bodies.
  • Fresh, brackish, or salt water ecosystems.
  • Marine areas with depth not exceeding 6 meters at low tide.

Ramsar Convention's 'Wise Use' Concept

• The concept emphasizes maintaining ecological character through:

  • Implementation of ecosystem-based approaches.
  • Integration with sustainable development principles.
  • Balancing conservation with human needs.

• Key Implementation Mechanisms:

  • Development of national wetland policies.
  • Creation of legislative frameworks.
  • Implementation of management action plans.
  • Promotion of public education and awareness.

Notable Ramsar Sites in India

1. Chilika Lake, Odisha:

• India's largest brackish water lagoon.
• Supports rich biodiversity and endangered species.
• Provides livelihood through fishing and eco-tourism.
• Acts as a vital ecosystem for local communities.

2. Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan:

• Renowned waterfowl habitat.
• Hosts thousands of migratory birds annually.
• Critical breeding ground for various bird species.
• Exemplifies successful wetland management practices.

The protection of these vital ecosystems through the implementation of 'wise use' principles has demonstrated significant success in India, as seen in the recent addition of Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, showcasing India's commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 15 (Life on Land) and various international environmental commitments.