Model Answer

The Bay of Bengal experiences two cyclone seasons, with October–November being particularly active. Post-monsoon atmospheric conditions favour cyclone formation and intensification, threatening India's eastern coastline.

Factors Responsible for Cyclone Formation

1. Warm sea surface supplies heat and moisture for cyclone development. e.g: Temperatures above 26.5°C.
2. Monsoon withdrawal creates favourable atmospheric conditions as the southwest monsoon retreats.
3. Low vertical wind shear allows cyclonic systems to develop vertically.
4. High atmospheric humidity supports sustained convection and cloud formation.
5. Low-pressure systems provide initial disturbances for cyclone formation. e.g: Remnants of western Pacific tropical systems.
6. Coriolis force supports cyclonic rotation away from the equator.

Factors Responsible for Intensification

1. High ocean heat content provides sustained energy for cyclone intensification.
2. Freshwater stratification reduces mixing with colder subsurface water. e.g: Ganga-Brahmaputra river discharge.
3. Latent heat release strengthens rising air and lowers central pressure.
4. Upper-level divergence facilitates the outward movement of air, strengthening cyclonic circulation.
5. Climate change increases the potential for intense rainfall and rapid intensification.
6. Favourable atmospheric conditions enable rapid strengthening. e.g: Cyclone Amphan (2020) underwent rapid intensification over the Bay of Bengal.

Way Forward

1. Early warning systems through IMD forecasting and impact-based alerts.
2. Coastal preparedness through evacuation plans and cyclone shelters. e.g: Odisha's cyclone preparedness model.
3. Ecosystem protection through mangrove restoration and resilient coastal infrastructure. e.g: Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem.

Warm waters, post-monsoon circulation and favourable atmospheric conditions make October–November a major cyclone season. Scientific forecasting and disaster preparedness are essential to reduce coastal vulnerability.