Mains Answer Writing - 5 Jan, 2026

GS2

International Relations

10 marks

“The recent U.S. military action against Venezuela has reopened debates on sovereignty, intervention, and the limits of unilateral action in international relations.”
Discuss the stated justifications of the United States and critically examine the implications of such actions for international law and global order.

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Tips for your answer

Balance justification with critique: Briefly state the U.S. arguments (drug trafficking, migration, security) in the first half, but clearly evaluate them against UN Charter principles like sovereignty and non-intervention to show analytical depth.
Use international law keywords: Mention terms such as Article 2(4), Article 51, self-defence, unilateralism, rules-based order, and multilateralism to give the answer constitutional and legal grounding.
Conclude with a forward-looking perspective: End by emphasising the need for multilateral cooperation, institutional mechanisms, and respect for international law—UPSC values solutions, not just criticism.

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