Mains Answer Writing - 26 Apr, 2026

GS3

Environment & Ecology

15 marks

“Heatwaves are emerging as a silent disaster in India with significant socio-economic consequences.”
Discuss the causes and impacts of heatwaves in India. Also examine the effectiveness of existing mitigation measures and suggest a way forward for building heatwave resilience.

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Tips for your answer

1. Use a Cause–Impact–Solution Flow
Start with causes (climate change, anticyclonic circulation, urban heat island), then move to multi-dimensional impacts (health, agriculture, economy, power), and finally solutions (HAPs, urban greening, resilient infra). This gives your answer a logical flow.
2. Add 1–2 Data Points for Credibility
Quote sharp facts like “temperatures crossing 45°C” or “heatwaves may cost ~2% of GDP”. Even one statistic makes your answer look well-informed and analytical.
3. Include Governance + Local Solutions in Way Forward
Mention both top-down measures (early warning systems, Heat Action Plans, NIP) and bottom-up solutions (cool roofs, hydration practices, public awareness). This balance is what UPSC examiners reward.

9.5/15

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