Model Answer

The Saudi-Houthi conflict is part of Yemen's prolonged civil war, which intensified after the Houthis captured Sana'a in 2014. Saudi-led military intervention in 2015 transformed the domestic conflict into a major regional security challenge.

Major Causes of the Saudi-Houthi Conflict

1. Political instability weakened Yemen's central government following the 2011 Arab Spring protests.
2. Houthi grievances emerged from political marginalisation and demands for greater representation. e.g: Zaydi-led Houthi movement in northern Yemen.
3. Territorial expansion intensified tensions after the Houthis captured Sana'a in 2014.
4. Saudi security concerns increased due to Houthi military presence near its southern border.
5. Iran-Saudi rivalry deepened regional involvement. e.g: Iranian support for the Houthis.
6. Failed peace efforts prolonged fighting among Yemen's competing political factions.

Consequences for Regional Peace and Security

1. Humanitarian crisis has caused widespread displacement, hunger and destruction of infrastructure. e.g: Yemen's prolonged food insecurity.
2. Maritime insecurity threatens international shipping. e.g: Houthi attacks near the Bab al-Mandab Strait.
3. Energy security faces risks from attacks on oil infrastructure. e.g: Abqaiq oil facility attacks, 2019.
4. Regional instability increases tensions across the Arabian Peninsula.
5. Global trade disruptions raise shipping costs through the Red Sea-Suez Canal route.
6. Militarisation increases the involvement of external powers in West Asian security.

Way Forward

1. Strengthen UN-mediated negotiations for an inclusive political settlement.
2. Promote Saudi-Iran dialogue and regional confidence-building measures.
3. Ensure humanitarian assistance and protect freedom of navigation.

The Saudi-Houthi conflict demonstrates how domestic political instability can threaten regional security. Sustainable peace requires political reconciliation, diplomatic engagement and protection of civilian interests.