Model Answer
GS3
AGRICULTURE
10 marks
Discuss how advancements in seed technology and public sector institutions contribute to agricultural productivity and farmers’ income in India.
India has emerged as the world’s largest rice producer, overtaking China, with an output of 150.18 million tonnes in 2024–25, compared to China’s 145.28 million tonnes. This achievement reflects sustained improvements in seed technology, varietal diversification, and the role of public institutions such as the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in ensuring timely access to quality seeds.
Role of Advancements in Seed Technology
- High-Yielding and Improved Varieties (HYVs) a. Release of 184 new varieties of 25 crops, including 122 cereal varieties, enhances yield potential.
b. Traits include:
- Higher productivity per hectare
- Resistance to pests and diseases
- Climate resilience (drought/flood tolerance)
c. Impact: → Higher output without proportional increase in land use → Improved food security and price stability
- Seed Technology and Cropping Efficiency a. Short-duration and location-specific varieties allow:
- Multiple cropping
- Efficient input use (water, fertilisers) b. Promotes cost-effectiveness and risk reduction for farmers.
- Income Enhancement for Farmers a. Higher yields + stable quality → better market realization b. Reduces dependence on private seed monopolies, lowering input costs.
Role of Public Sector Institutions: National Seeds Corporation (NSC)
- Seed Production and Distribution NSC ensures:
- Breeder → Foundation → Certified seed pipeline
- Quality control and genetic purity
This bridges the gap between research labs and farm fields.
- Financial and Institutional Strength NSC declared a 30% dividend (₹33.26 crore) in FY 2024–25, reflecting:
- Financial viability
- Efficient public sector functioning
- Equity and Regional Outreach Facilitates seed availability in:
- Rainfed and remote regions
- Small and marginal farmer belts
- Prevents regional productivity skewness.
Broader Outcomes
- Food Security: Stable rice availability for PDS and population needs
- Economic Stability: Reduced import dependence and export potential
- Inclusive Growth: Small farmers integrated into productivity gains
Way Forward
- Promote climate-smart and biofortified varieties
- Strengthen Centre–State coordination for seed rollout
- Integrate NSC efforts with digital agriculture platforms
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