Mains Answer Writing - 1 Feb, 2026
GS2
Indian Polity
15 marks
“In the digital age, Article 21 of the Indian Constitution has expanded from a negative right against State interference to a positive obligation on the State to ensure dignity, access, and inclusion.”
Discuss in the light of recent judicial pronouncements.
Tips for your answer
- Start with Constitutional Evolution: Briefly show how Article 21 evolved—from protection against arbitrary State action to guaranteeing dignity, livelihood, privacy, and now digital access (mention recent SC rulings).
- Use the “Negative vs Positive Rights” Framework: Clearly explain the shift:
- Negative right → State should not interfere
- Positive obligation → State must actively ensure inclusion (digital access, welfare delivery, PwDs, marginalized groups).
- Conclude with Balance & Governance Impact: End by stressing that courts are balancing dignity with practicality, pushing the State towards inclusive, rights-based governance rather than welfare alone.
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