Mains Answer Writing - 1 Feb, 2026

GS2

Indian Polity

15 marks

“In the digital age, Article 21 of the Indian Constitution has expanded from a negative right against State interference to a positive obligation on the State to ensure dignity, access, and inclusion.”
Discuss in the light of recent judicial pronouncements.

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Tips for your answer

Start with Constitutional Evolution: Briefly show how Article 21 evolved—from protection against arbitrary State action to guaranteeing dignity, livelihood, privacy, and now digital access (mention recent SC rulings).
Use the “Negative vs Positive Rights” Framework: Clearly explain the shift:
Negative right → State should not interfere
Positive obligation → State must actively ensure inclusion (digital access, welfare delivery, PwDs, marginalized groups).
Conclude with Balance & Governance Impact: End by stressing that courts are balancing dignity with practicality, pushing the State towards inclusive, rights-based governance rather than welfare alone.

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