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QUESTION

GS

Hard

Ancient History

Prelims 2026

Consider the following statements about the Rigvedic period :

I. Irrigation from wells allowed agriculture to expand away from flood plains and strips on river margins into the present Punjab and Haryana plains having underground water levels reasonably close to the surface. II. Draught-animal power was employed to draw up water out of the wells.

Which of the following information support/supports the above statements ?

  1. There is evidence in the Rigveda of the use of ashma chakra (stone pulley wheel) and ahava (strapped wooden pails) to draw up water.
  2. Mention has been made in the Rigveda of the use of implements like parashu / kulisha (axe) and datra / sreni (sickle).
  3. There is a history of the use of ox, even before the Rigveda, for ploughing the land and pulling the carts.

Select the answer using the code given below :

Select an option to attempt

Explanation

Statement 1 is Correct: The Rigveda contains references to the use of an ashma chakra (stone pulley wheel) and ahava (strapped wooden pails) to draw water from wells. This supports the idea that irrigation from wells allowed agriculture to expand away from flood plains into areas like Punjab and Haryana, where groundwater was accessible.

Statement 2 is Correct: The use of draught-animal power, specifically oxen, to draw water from wells is supported by historical evidence. Oxen were domesticated and used for ploughing and pulling carts even before the Rigvedic period, as evidenced by archaeological finds from the Indus Valley Civilization. This supports the statement that draught-animal power was employed to draw water from wells.

Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the Rigveda mentions agricultural implements like parashu (axe) and datra (sickle), these references do not directly support the statements about irrigation and draught-animal power. They are more related to the tools used for clearing land and harvesting crops.

Therefore, the correct option is C, as statements 1 and 3 support the given statements about the Rigvedic period.

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