Alternative powertrain vehicles are those that do not use conventional petrol/diesel engines. Instead, they rely on clean energy sources like electricity or hydrogen.

• ✅ I. BEVs – Run fully on batteries and electric motors.
• ✅II. FCEVs – Use hydrogen to make electricity via a fuel cell.
• ✅III. FCEHVs – Combine hydrogen fuel cell + battery + electric motor.

All three are alternatives to traditional fuel vehicles.