UPSC 2023 Mains GS3 Model Answer - The use of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunition, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat.

The rising use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by adversaries to transport arms, ammunition, and drugs poses a significant threat to India’s internal security. In response, the Indian government has implemented a range of countermeasures, including advanced surveillance systems, stricter regulations, and enhanced border security protocols.

Model Answer:

In the present era of advanced technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a significant tool for ensuring national security. However, adversaries across the borders are increasingly using UAVs to ferry arms, ammunition, drugs, and conduct surveillance, posing a serious threat to internal security. For instance, in 2023, there were over 200 reported incidents of UAVs crossing the India-Pakistan border, highlighting the growing menace.

Threats posed by UAVs to Internal Security:

• Arms and Ammunition Delivery: UAVs are being used to smuggle weapons and explosives, which can be used for terrorist activities.
• Drug Trafficking: UAVs facilitate the transportation of narcotics, exacerbating the drug menace.
• Surveillance and Intelligence Gathering: UAVs can be used to gather sensitive information about military installations and movements.
• Target for Counter-UAVs: The presence of hostile UAVs necessitates the deployment of counter-UAV systems, which can be resource-intensive.

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Measures being taken to tackle the UAV threat:

• Advanced Detection and Interception Systems: Deployment of radar systems, jammers, and anti-drone technologies to detect and neutralise UAVs. For example, India has developed the DRDO's anti-drone system, which was successfully deployed during the Republic Day parade.
• Legal and Regulatory Framework: Strengthening laws and regulations to control the unauthorised use of UAVs. The Ministry of Civil Aviation has introduced the Drone Rules, 2021, to regulate drone operations.
• International Cooperation: Collaborating with neighbouring countries and international organisations to share intelligence and best practices. India is part of the Global Counter-Terrorism Forum, which focuses on countering UAV threats.
• Research and Development: Investing in indigenous R&D to develop advanced UAV detection and neutralisation technologies. The Indian government has allocated significant funds for the development of counter-drone technologies under the 'Make in India' initiative.

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Challenges in implementing UAV threat tackling measures:

• Technological Sophistication: Adversaries are continuously upgrading their UAV technology, making detection and interception challenging.
• Resource Constraints: Deploying and maintaining advanced counter-UAV systems require substantial financial and human resources.
• Legal and Ethical Issues: Balancing security measures with privacy concerns and ensuring that regulations do not stifle innovation in the UAV sector.

In conclusion, while UAVs pose a significant threat to internal security, they can also be harnessed as tools for enhancing security through effective surveillance and reconnaissance. A multi-faceted strategy involving advanced technology, robust legal frameworks, international cooperation, and continuous R&D is essential to mitigate the threats posed by UAVs and leverage their potential for national security.

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