What India’s 12 ‘operationally deployed’ nuclear warheads really mean, Pg11

Key Highlights:

• The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported that 12 of India’s estimated 190 nuclear warheads are now "operationally deployed".
• This classification means these warheads are positioned with active military forces, mated with delivery systems, and ready for use.
• India continues to adhere to its decades-old No First Use (NFU) policy and credible minimum deterrence posture.
• The deployment signifies the maturation of India's second-strike capability, particularly its sea-based deterrent.

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Detailed Insights:

• "Operationally deployed" warheads are paired with delivery systems like missiles, aircraft, or submarines, indicating readiness if authorized.
• Historically, India kept warheads de-mated from delivery vehicles, stored separately under strict civilian oversight to ensure safety and signal restraint.
• The deployment is linked to the maturation of India’s nuclear triad, especially its Arihant-class submarines (SSBNs) conducting deterrence patrols.
• Canisterized Agni-series missiles, kept ready with fuel in sealed cylinders for direct firing, also contribute to increased operational readiness.
• A robust sea-based deterrent, like SSBNs, is crucial for NFU doctrine as it ensures survivability against a potential first strike.
• This development occurs amidst a global trend where states are increasingly relying on nuclear weapons, with China's arsenal expanding significantly.
• India's modernization, including long-range delivery systems, aims to maintain credible deterrence against both China and Pakistan.

Key Concepts Involved:

• No First Use (NFU): A nuclear doctrine where a state commits to not being the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict.
• Credible Minimum Deterrence: A nuclear strategy aiming to maintain a nuclear arsenal just large enough to deter an adversary from attacking, ensuring assured retaliation.
• Second-Strike Capability: The ability of a nuclear power to retaliate with nuclear weapons even after absorbing a nuclear first strike from an adversary.
• Nuclear Triad: A nuclear arsenal consisting of three components: strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
• SSBN (Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine): A submarine powered by a nuclear reactor and capable of launching ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.
• Canisterization: A method of storing and launching missiles within a sealed container, allowing for quicker deployment and enhanced protection.