Now, desi gene editing technology to aid cheaper, commercial GE crop breeding, Pg3

Key Highlights:

• Indian scientists have developed a new gene editing (GE) technology using TnpB proteins as an alternative to CRISPR-Cas.
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) received a patent for this TnpB-based GE technology on September 15, 2025.
• TnpB proteins are smaller than Cas9 and Cas12a proteins, making them easier to deliver into cells.
• This indigenous technology aims to facilitate cheaper and more accessible GE crop breeding without intellectual property (IP) restrictions.
• In May 2025, ICAR announced the release of two GE rice varieties.

Detailed Insights:

• The CRISPR-Cas technology is primarily controlled by the Broad Institute and Corteva Agriscience, potentially hindering commercial cultivation due to IP rights and licensing fees.
• TnpB proteins, with only 400-500 amino acids, are significantly smaller compared to Cas9 (1,000-1,400 amino acids) and Cas12a (around 1,300 amino acids), simplifying their delivery into cells.
• GE involves editing genes naturally present in the host plant without introducing foreign genes, differing from genetic modification (GM).
• The TnpB-based GE system includes both the TnpB protein (molecular scissors) and a guide RNA to target specific DNA locations.
• ICAR is negotiating with Corteva and Broad Institute for waivers on license fees for small and marginal farmers regarding the commercial planting of GE varieties.

Key Concepts Involved:

• Genome Editing (GE): Precisely modifying the DNA sequence of an organism.
• CRISPR-Cas: A gene editing technology that uses Cas proteins to cleave DNA.
• Intellectual Property (IP): Rights protecting inventions, potentially restricting the use of certain technologies.