What Are the Different Risks and Rewards of Using UAVs? Pg10

Why Are UAVs Seen as Less of a Threat?

• UAVs are generally less dangerous than piloted fighter jets, even when equipped with weapon payloads.
• Many UAVs are unarmed, primarily used for surveillance & reconnaissance.
• Their unmanned nature reduces political & strategic risks, making cross-border incursions less provocative.
• If shot down, they do not result in pilot casualties, making retaliation less likely.

Recent Examples of UAVs in Military Engagements

• 2019: Iran shot down a US surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz but avoided escalation.
• 2023: Russia downed an American MQ-9 Reaper UAV with no major retaliation from the US.
• Countries prefer using UAVs for reconnaissance missions, knowing that losing them is not as costly as losing piloted aircraft.

Potential Risks of UAV Deployment

• Lower perceived threat levels can embolden risk-taking behaviour.
• Pakistan uses UAVs for arms & drug smuggling across India's border, complicating security enforcement.
• Bangladesh deployed Turkish Bayraktar TB-2 UAVs for surveillance near India’s border.
• Large fixed-wing UAVs, like Bayraktar TB-2, resemble manned aircraft in endurance & capabilities.

Implications for India

• India must develop a comprehensive UAV strategy to handle incursions without escalating tensions.
• UAVs present both security threats & strategic opportunities—their effectiveness in surveillance can enhance military operations.
• Need for a clear policy to engage & neutralize UAVs from hostile actors while expanding India’s UAV capabilities for national security.

Mains Mock Question:

"Examine the role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in modern warfare. How should India adapt its military strategy to effectively integrate UAVs while mitigating associated risks?"