'Partial burning' continues to be key hurdle in tackling farm fire pollution: Study, Pg4

Key Highlights:

• A study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) identifies "partial burning" of crop residue as a significant challenge in tackling farm fire pollution.
• Farmers continue partial burning due to concerns like pest attacks, cost, and lack of confidence in alternative methods.
• Stubble burning contributes up to 30-35% of Delhi’s PM2.5 pollution during the October-November peak season.
• The study found that 31% of surveyed farmers in Punjab still engage in partial burning, despite 63% moving away from complete burning.
• Low awareness of the Punjab government's Unnat Kisan app and ineffective, lecture-based training for Crop Residue Management (CRM) machines were noted.

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Detailed Insights:

• The CEEW is a New Delhi-based non-profit policy institution and think tank focused on energy, environment, and water issues.
• PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, which can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and bloodstream, posing severe health risks.
• Research by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) indicates a shift in stubble burning times, with farmers burning later in the day to avoid satellite detection, leading to potential underestimation of fire incidents.
• The study recommends implementing a dedicated Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) strategy under the Crop Residue Management (CRM) scheme, tailoring messages to different farmer groups.
• CRM involves both in-situ methods like incorporating residue into the soil and ex-situ methods such as using residue for biomass power generation or composting.
• Government initiatives like the Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) provide financial assistance for CRM machines and support the establishment of Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) to make equipment accessible to farmers.
• The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) is a statutory body responsible for coordinating and implementing measures to improve air quality in the National Capital Region and adjoining areas, including addressing stubble burning.
• The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is a government initiative aimed at reducing particulate matter concentrations in non-attainment cities across India.

Key Concepts Involved:

• Crop Residue Management (CRM): Methods and technologies used to manage leftover crop material after harvest, either by incorporating it into the soil or removing it for alternative uses.
• PM2.5: Fine inhalable particulate matter, with diameters generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller, which poses significant health and environmental hazards.
• Behaviour Change Communication (BCC): A strategic and research-based communication approach designed to encourage individuals and communities to adopt positive behaviors by addressing underlying knowledge, attitudes, and practices.