Self-perpetuating: Sudan’s humanitarian crisis needs the world’s attention, Pg6

Conflict erupted in April 2023 between two rival generals:

• Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Sudanese Army)

• Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Rapid Support Forces - RSF)

• Sparked by a power struggle post the 2021 failed transition to civilian rule after ousting dictator Omar al-Bashir in 2019.

Over 13 million displaced, 150,000+ killed, and famine declared—first global famine in 4 years.

• Cities like Khartoum and Darfur regions turned into war zones, with systemic collapse of services.

RSF accused of war crimes; controls much of western Sudan (Darfur).

• Sudanese Army holds north & east, including Port Sudan.

• External players involved:

  • RSF backed by: UAE

  • Army backed by: Russia, Türkiye, Iran, Qatar

Severe shortages in healthcare, food, water, and education.

• Civilians trapped in an unending war of attrition, subjected to airstrikes, looting, and atrocities by both sides.

Sudan’s failed democratic transition worsened due to elite betrayal and international neglect.

• Both military factions seek political dominance through force.

A testament to international apathy despite a preventable humanitarian crisis.

• No military solution apparent; both sides remain entrenched.

• Reflects broader issues of weak state institutions, power vacuums, and foreign proxy conflict zones.

Urgent need for:

• International mediation

• Ceasefire and humanitarian corridors

• Global diplomatic pressure for meaningful peace talks

• Long-term vision must involve restoration of civilian governance and post-conflict rehabilitation.

Mains Mock Question:

Discuss the humanitarian and geopolitical dimensions of the ongoing conflict in Sudan. What lessons can India and the international community draw from Sudan’s failed democratic transition?