IISc researchers develop artificial metal-based nanozyme to prevent excess blood clotting, Pg6

Key Highlights:

• IISc researchers have developed metal-based nanozymes to prevent abnormal blood clotting seen in conditions like pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).
• These nanozymes mimic antioxidant enzymes, controlling Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to prevent excess platelet activation.
• Most effective candidate: Spherical vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanozymes.
• Platelets were isolated from human blood and activated in lab settings to test efficacy.
• Nanozymes were synthesized via controlled chemical reactions, yielding varying shapes, sizes, and morphologies.

Detailed Insights:

• Under normal haemostasis, platelets form protective clots in response to injury. In pathological conditions, oxidative stress elevates ROS, triggering unwanted clotting or thrombosis.
• Thrombosis contributes significantly to deaths in diseases such as COVID-19 and PTE, making this innovation a critical biomedical advancement.
• Nanozymes offer an alternative to traditional drugs like blood thinners, with the advantage of targeted action and minimal side effects.
• The study highlights India’s growing expertise in biomedical nanotechnology and health research.

Scientific/Technical Concepts Involved:

• Nanozymes: Nanomaterials that mimic enzyme-like activity, often more stable and tunable than natural enzymes.
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Chemically reactive molecules derived from oxygen; high levels contribute to oxidative stress and cellular damage.
• Thrombosis: Formation of blood clots inside blood vessels, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions like stroke or embolism.
• Vanadium Pentoxide (V₂O₅): A compound used here for its redox-active properties, instrumental in neutralizing ROS.

Mains Mock Question:

What are nanozymes, and how can they transform the treatment of thrombotic disorders? Discuss with reference to recent developments in India.