UPSC Current Affairs 9 December 2025

GS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.GS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and AgreementsGS 2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India's Interests

The real story of the India-Russia summit, Pg8

India-Russia summit strengthens ties amidst Ukraine war, focusing on trade, energy, and geopolitical alignment, signalling confidence in bilateral relations.

The real story of the India-Russia summit, Pg8

India-Russia summit strengthens ties amidst Ukraine war, focusing on trade, energy, and geopolitical alignment, signalling confidence in bilateral relations.

GS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 1: Art FormsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and AgreementsGS 2: India and its Neighbourhood Relations

A new step in the dragon-elephant tango, Pg9

China proposes enhanced cooperation with India through trade, industry, and cultural exchange under its 15th Five-Year Plan.

GS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 1: Art FormsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and AgreementsGS 2: India and its Neighbourhood Relations

A new step in the dragon-elephant tango, Pg9

China proposes enhanced cooperation with India through trade, industry, and cultural exchange under its 15th Five-Year Plan.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Science and Technology in Everyday LifeGS 1: Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

AI could widen the inequalities in Asia Pacific, Pg9

UN report warns AI adoption in Asia-Pacific may exacerbate inequalities due to varying preparedness and infrastructure gaps.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Science and Technology in Everyday LifeGS 1: Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

AI could widen the inequalities in Asia Pacific, Pg9

UN report warns AI adoption in Asia-Pacific may exacerbate inequalities due to varying preparedness and infrastructure gaps.

EthicsGS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: Biotechnology

How can India benefit from neurotechnology?, Pg10

Neurotechnology offers India opportunities in healthcare and economic growth, demanding ethical guidelines and tailored regulations for responsible development and adoption.

EthicsGS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: Biotechnology

How can India benefit from neurotechnology?, Pg10

Neurotechnology offers India opportunities in healthcare and economic growth, demanding ethical guidelines and tailored regulations for responsible development and adoption.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyPrelimsGS 2: E GovernanceGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

What is the India Post’s DHRUVA framework?, Pg10

India Post proposes DHRUVA framework for standardized digital addresses, enhancing service delivery and user experience through consent-based data sharing.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyPrelimsGS 2: E GovernanceGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

What is the India Post’s DHRUVA framework?, Pg10

India Post proposes DHRUVA framework for standardized digital addresses, enhancing service delivery and user experience through consent-based data sharing.

GS 1: Indian SocietyGS 3: EconomyGS 1: Poverty and Developmental Issues

Share of population that faced income inequality in 2023, Pg10

Income inequality affected 50% of population in 2023; one-fourth faced sharp income and inequality rise since 1990.

GS 1: Indian SocietyGS 3: EconomyGS 1: Poverty and Developmental Issues

Share of population that faced income inequality in 2023, Pg10

Income inequality affected 50% of population in 2023; one-fourth faced sharp income and inequality rise since 1990.

GS 2: PolityGS 2: Social JusticePrelimsGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Education Sector

Bias against OBCs must be counted as caste discrimination, panel urges UGC, Pg13

Parliamentary panel urges UGC to include OBC discrimination in caste bias definition and re-evaluate EWS quota for faculty appointments.

GS 2: PolityGS 2: Social JusticePrelimsGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Education Sector

Bias against OBCs must be counted as caste discrimination, panel urges UGC, Pg13

Parliamentary panel urges UGC to include OBC discrimination in caste bias definition and re-evaluate EWS quota for faculty appointments.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: International RelationsPrelimsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

Australia’s New South Wales varsity to open campus in Bengaluru, Pg14

Australian University, UNSW, to establish Bengaluru campus, fostering India-Australia education ties and research collaboration in AI, space, and cybersecurity.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: International RelationsPrelimsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

Australia’s New South Wales varsity to open campus in Bengaluru, Pg14

Australian University, UNSW, to establish Bengaluru campus, fostering India-Australia education ties and research collaboration in AI, space, and cybersecurity.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: E Technology in Aid of FarmersGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and Degradation

‘Fire count gives a skewed picture of stubble burning’, Pg14

Satellite data discrepancies reveal 'fire count' inaccuracies in assessing stubble burning's true extent, challenging government claims of decline.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: E Technology in Aid of FarmersGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and Degradation

‘Fire count gives a skewed picture of stubble burning’, Pg14

Satellite data discrepancies reveal 'fire count' inaccuracies in assessing stubble burning's true extent, challenging government claims of decline.

GS 2: International RelationsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and AgreementsGS 2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India's Interests

Zelenskyy meets European partners, seeks convergence with U.S. on truce, Pg16

Zelenskyy seeks European alignment with U.S. truce proposal amidst skepticism over Trump's Russia-Ukraine peace plan details.

GS 2: International RelationsGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and AgreementsGS 2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India's Interests

Zelenskyy meets European partners, seeks convergence with U.S. on truce, Pg16

Zelenskyy seeks European alignment with U.S. truce proposal amidst skepticism over Trump's Russia-Ukraine peace plan details.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Biotechnology

Fossils, genomes provide conflicting data in debate on mosquitoes’ origins, PgII

Debate intensifies over mosquito origins: conflicting fossil and genomic data challenge established timelines, impacting understanding of disease evolution.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Biotechnology

Fossils, genomes provide conflicting data in debate on mosquitoes’ origins, PgII

Debate intensifies over mosquito origins: conflicting fossil and genomic data challenge established timelines, impacting understanding of disease evolution.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyPrelimsGS 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.GS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

How new DGCA rules put human limits at centre of air safety, PgII

DGCA's new aviation safety rules prioritize human physiology, mandating longer rest periods and limiting night flights to minimize pilot fatigue.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyPrelimsGS 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.GS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

How new DGCA rules put human limits at centre of air safety, PgII

DGCA's new aviation safety rules prioritize human physiology, mandating longer rest periods and limiting night flights to minimize pilot fatigue.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and DegradationGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

CAQM seeks to cut coal industrial fuel usage, Pg4

CAQM directs states to eliminate industrial coal usage in non-NCR districts, expanding pollution control efforts beyond Delhi's immediate vicinity.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and DegradationGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

CAQM seeks to cut coal industrial fuel usage, Pg4

CAQM directs states to eliminate industrial coal usage in non-NCR districts, expanding pollution control efforts beyond Delhi's immediate vicinity.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 2: Social JusticePrelimsGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Education Sector

Delays, paper leaks: NTA doesn't inspire confidence, says House panel, Pg6

Parliamentary panel slams NTA for lapses, delays, and paper leaks; urges reforms and utilization of surplus funds.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 2: Social JusticePrelimsGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Education Sector

Delays, paper leaks: NTA doesn't inspire confidence, says House panel, Pg6

Parliamentary panel slams NTA for lapses, delays, and paper leaks; urges reforms and utilization of surplus funds.

GS 2: PolityGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Government BudgetingGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Union State Relations and Federal Structure

National security cess: RS Opp MPs seek clarity on allocation to states, Pg7

Rajya Sabha debates National Security Cess Bill, opposition questions revenue allocation to states, citing federalism concerns and health as state subject.

GS 2: PolityGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Government BudgetingGS 2: Parliament and State LegislaturesGS 2: Union State Relations and Federal Structure

National security cess: RS Opp MPs seek clarity on allocation to states, Pg7

Rajya Sabha debates National Security Cess Bill, opposition questions revenue allocation to states, citing federalism concerns and health as state subject.

GS 2: PolityPrelimsGS 2: Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and AccountabilityGS 2: Parliament and State Legislatures

Submit updated constitutions in 30 days: EC to parties, Pg7

Election Commission directs recognized parties to submit updated constitutions within 30 days following Supreme Court order, ensuring transparency.

GS 2: PolityPrelimsGS 2: Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and AccountabilityGS 2: Parliament and State Legislatures

Submit updated constitutions in 30 days: EC to parties, Pg7

Election Commission directs recognized parties to submit updated constitutions within 30 days following Supreme Court order, ensuring transparency.

EthicsGS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectorsGS 3: Indigenization of Technology and New Technology Development

To fulfil STEM potential, India must cast the net wider, go to the roots, Pg10

Government's research focus on 'emerging needs' faces criticism; delayed fellowships and low stipends demotivate researchers, hindering innovation and development.

EthicsGS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectorsGS 3: Indigenization of Technology and New Technology Development

To fulfil STEM potential, India must cast the net wider, go to the roots, Pg10

Government's research focus on 'emerging needs' faces criticism; delayed fellowships and low stipends demotivate researchers, hindering innovation and development.

GS 1: Indian GeographyGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support PricesGS 3: Indian Economy, Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and EmploymentGS 3: Major Crops, Cropping Patterns and Irrigation Systems

Food inflation dips but that isn't enough, Pg10

Rabi crop sowing surges, promising food inflation relief, but farm income deflation raises concerns about agricultural reforms and long-term investment.

Food inflation dips but that isn't enough, Pg10

Rabi crop sowing surges, promising food inflation relief, but farm income deflation raises concerns about agricultural reforms and long-term investment.

GS 3: Internal SecurityGS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Security Forces and Agencies and their MandateGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

A defence partnership that addresses global challenges, Pg10

India and UK deepen defence ties with joint military exercises, industrial cooperation, and a 10-year Defence Industrial Roadmap.

GS 3: Internal SecurityGS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Security Forces and Agencies and their MandateGS 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements

A defence partnership that addresses global challenges, Pg10

India and UK deepen defence ties with joint military exercises, industrial cooperation, and a 10-year Defence Industrial Roadmap.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 2: PolityGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Changes in Industrial Policy and Effects on Industrial GrowthGS 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

In power sector, more players is the answer, not bailouts, Pg11

Power sector reforms urged: Competition, not bailouts, needed to fix discom debt crisis and inefficiency, says expert.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 2: PolityGS 3: EconomyGS 3: Changes in Industrial Policy and Effects on Industrial GrowthGS 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

In power sector, more players is the answer, not bailouts, Pg11

Power sector reforms urged: Competition, not bailouts, needed to fix discom debt crisis and inefficiency, says expert.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 1: Indian SocietyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: EconomyGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

In a Goa nightclub & beyond, migrants are invisible, Pg11

Migrant workers' vulnerabilities exposed by Goa nightclub fire, highlighting invisibility, informality, and institutional fragmentation, demanding urgent national-state compact for welfare.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 1: Indian SocietyGS 2: Social JusticeGS 3: EconomyGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

In a Goa nightclub & beyond, migrants are invisible, Pg11

Migrant workers' vulnerabilities exposed by Goa nightclub fire, highlighting invisibility, informality, and institutional fragmentation, demanding urgent national-state compact for welfare.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Changes in Industrial Policy and Effects on Industrial GrowthGS 3: Indigenization of Technology and New Technology Development

Tata, Intel sign deal to explore chip packaging in India, Pg14

Tata and Intel collaborate to boost semiconductor manufacturing and AI PC solutions in India, targeting a top-five global market position by 2030.

GS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Changes in Industrial Policy and Effects on Industrial GrowthGS 3: Indigenization of Technology and New Technology Development

Tata, Intel sign deal to explore chip packaging in India, Pg14

Tata and Intel collaborate to boost semiconductor manufacturing and AI PC solutions in India, targeting a top-five global market position by 2030.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Science & TechnologyGS 2: International RelationsGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectorsGS 3: Communication Networks, Media and Social Media Challenges

Why EU's $140 million fine on X has ignited a political storm, Pg14

EU fines X $140M under DSA sparking US political storm over censorship and tech company targeting.

Why EU's $140 million fine on X has ignited a political storm, Pg14

EU fines X $140M under DSA sparking US political storm over censorship and tech company targeting.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Government BudgetingGS 2: Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability

ITR forms to be notified prior to FY28: Govt, Pg14

Government to notify new ITR forms based on Income Tax Act, 2025, before FY28 for simplified tax compliance.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Government BudgetingGS 2: Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability

ITR forms to be notified prior to FY28: Govt, Pg14

Government to notify new ITR forms based on Income Tax Act, 2025, before FY28 for simplified tax compliance.

GS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Indian Economy, Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment

RBI's USD/INR swap auction of $5 bn on Dec 16, Pg14

RBI to conduct $5 billion USD/INR buy-sell swap auction on December 16 to manage liquidity.

GS 3: EconomyPrelimsGS 3: Indian Economy, Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment

RBI's USD/INR swap auction of $5 bn on Dec 16, Pg14

RBI to conduct $5 billion USD/INR buy-sell swap auction on December 16 to manage liquidity.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and DegradationGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

Lessons from Beijing in clearing Delhi's air, Pg15

Delhi eyes Beijing's success story, adopting stringent emission norms, EV transition, and collaborative policies to combat air pollution crisis.

GS 2: GovernanceGS 3: Environment & EcologyPrelimsGS 3: Conservation, Pollution and DegradationGS 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors

Lessons from Beijing in clearing Delhi's air, Pg15

Delhi eyes Beijing's success story, adopting stringent emission norms, EV transition, and collaborative policies to combat air pollution crisis.

GS 2: Social JusticeGS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 2: Important International Institutions, Agencies and ForaGS 2: Health Sector

Why UN halved its emergency aid budget, Pg15

UN slashes humanitarian aid budget by half to $23 billion amid funding cuts from US and European nations.

GS 2: Social JusticeGS 2: International RelationsGS 3: EconomyGS 2: Important International Institutions, Agencies and ForaGS 2: Health Sector

Why UN halved its emergency aid budget, Pg15

UN slashes humanitarian aid budget by half to $23 billion amid funding cuts from US and European nations.

GS 3: Internal SecurityGS 2: International RelationsGS 2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India's InterestsGS 2: India and its Neighbourhood Relations

The radar system in latest China-Japan row, Pg15

China-Japan relations worsen as Japan accuses Chinese fighters of radar lock-on, raising tensions over Okinawa islands and Taiwan.

GS 3: Internal SecurityGS 2: International RelationsGS 2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India's InterestsGS 2: India and its Neighbourhood Relations

The radar system in latest China-Japan row, Pg15

China-Japan relations worsen as Japan accuses Chinese fighters of radar lock-on, raising tensions over Okinawa islands and Taiwan.

News Analysis

Democracy’s paradox, the chosen people of the state, Pg8

Democracy’s paradox, the chosen people of the state, Pg8

The real story of the India-Russia summit, Pg8

The real story of the India-Russia summit, Pg8

A new step in the dragon-elephant tango, Pg9

A new step in the dragon-elephant tango, Pg9

AI could widen the inequalities in Asia Pacific, Pg9

AI could widen the inequalities in Asia Pacific, Pg9

How can India benefit from neurotechnology?, Pg10

How can India benefit from neurotechnology?, Pg10

What is the India Post’s DHRUVA framework?, Pg10

What is the India Post’s DHRUVA framework?, Pg10

Share of population that faced income inequality in 2023, Pg10

Share of population that faced income inequality in 2023, Pg10

Bias against OBCs must be counted as caste discrimination, panel urges UGC, Pg13

Bias against OBCs must be counted as caste discrimination, panel urges UGC, Pg13

Australia’s New South Wales varsity to open campus in Bengaluru, Pg14

Australia’s New South Wales varsity to open campus in Bengaluru, Pg14

‘Fire count gives a skewed picture of stubble burning’, Pg14

‘Fire count gives a skewed picture of stubble burning’, Pg14

Zelenskyy meets European partners, seeks convergence with U.S. on truce, Pg16

Zelenskyy meets European partners, seeks convergence with U.S. on truce, Pg16

Fossils, genomes provide conflicting data in debate on mosquitoes’ origins, PgII

Fossils, genomes provide conflicting data in debate on mosquitoes’ origins, PgII

How new DGCA rules put human limits at centre of air safety, PgII

How new DGCA rules put human limits at centre of air safety, PgII

CAQM seeks to cut coal industrial fuel usage, Pg4

CAQM seeks to cut coal industrial fuel usage, Pg4

Delays, paper leaks: NTA doesn't inspire confidence, says House panel, Pg6

Delays, paper leaks: NTA doesn't inspire confidence, says House panel, Pg6

National security cess: RS Opp MPs seek clarity on allocation to states, Pg7

National security cess: RS Opp MPs seek clarity on allocation to states, Pg7

Submit updated constitutions in 30 days: EC to parties, Pg7

Submit updated constitutions in 30 days: EC to parties, Pg7

To fulfil STEM potential, India must cast the net wider, go to the roots, Pg10

To fulfil STEM potential, India must cast the net wider, go to the roots, Pg10

Food inflation dips but that isn't enough, Pg10

Food inflation dips but that isn't enough, Pg10

A defence partnership that addresses global challenges, Pg10

A defence partnership that addresses global challenges, Pg10

In power sector, more players is the answer, not bailouts, Pg11

In power sector, more players is the answer, not bailouts, Pg11

In a Goa nightclub & beyond, migrants are invisible, Pg11

In a Goa nightclub & beyond, migrants are invisible, Pg11

Tata, Intel sign deal to explore chip packaging in India, Pg14

Tata, Intel sign deal to explore chip packaging in India, Pg14

Why EU's $140 million fine on X has ignited a political storm, Pg14

Why EU's $140 million fine on X has ignited a political storm, Pg14

ITR forms to be notified prior to FY28: Govt, Pg14

ITR forms to be notified prior to FY28: Govt, Pg14

RBI's USD/INR swap auction of $5 bn on Dec 16, Pg14

RBI's USD/INR swap auction of $5 bn on Dec 16, Pg14

Lessons from Beijing in clearing Delhi's air, Pg15

Lessons from Beijing in clearing Delhi's air, Pg15

Why UN halved its emergency aid budget, Pg15

Why UN halved its emergency aid budget, Pg15

The radar system in latest China-Japan row, Pg15

The radar system in latest China-Japan row, Pg15

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