Q5. Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing countries.

Approach

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Introduction

Large cities in developing countries have long been magnets for migrants, offering better economic prospects, advanced infrastructure, and a chance for upward mobility. In contrast, smaller towns lack the necessary resources and opportunities to attract such a large influx.

Body

Reasons Why Large Cities Attract More Migrants than Smaller Towns:

  • Economic Opportunities: Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore are economic hubs. In 2021, Mumbai contributed $310 billion to India's GDP. These cities host sectors like IT, finance, and manufacturing, attracting a wide range of skilled and unskilled workers.
  • Higher Wages: Urban wages in India are significantly higher than in rural areas. According to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), urban wages are often 2-3 times higher than in rural regions, making cities financially attractive for those seeking better livelihoods.
  • Advanced Infrastructure: Large cities provide better access to healthcare, education, and transportation. Delhi, for instance, has one of the largest metro systems in the world, and Bangalore is home to some of India's top hospitals like Narayana Health. 
  • Educational Facilities: Urban centers host India's top educational institutions, such as IITs and AIIMS, attracting students seeking high-quality education. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), cities account for over 65% of higher education enrollments in India.
  • Social Networks: Pre-existing migrant communities in cities like Mumbai make it easier for new migrants to settle. The Census 2011 revealed that 45% of urban migrants in India moved due to economic opportunities, with the support of friends or family already residing in the city.
  • Lifestyle and Cultural Aspirations: Cities offer a more cosmopolitan lifestyle, which includes access to entertainment, shopping, and diverse cultural experiences. The UN-Habitat Report (2016) notes that urbanization has led to a shift in lifestyle aspirations, particularly among younger populations, contributing to increased migration to larger cities.

Conclusion

To address the imbalance, governments must focus on developing smaller towns by investing in industries and infrastructure. Policies like the Smart Cities Mission can help create employment opportunities and sustainable urbanization, making smaller towns more attractive to migrants and easing the pressure on large cities.

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