Q4. What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones?

Approach

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Introduction

The sea surface temperature (SST) rise is a result of increased atmospheric temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions. The oceans absorb much of this heat, leading to warmer surface waters. Average global SSTs have risen by about 0.5°C to 1°C over the past century, with significant regional variations. For example, areas in the North Atlantic have shown even higher increases.

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Effects on Tropical Cyclone Formation:

Enhanced Energy Source:

• Warmer waters provide more energy for tropical cyclones. For instance, SSTs above 26.5°C are generally needed to fuel cyclone development. Higher temperatures can lead to more powerful storms.
• Example: Hurricane Katrina (2005) intensified rapidly over warm Gulf of Mexico waters, reaching peak intensity due to elevated SSTs.

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Increased Intensity and Frequency:

• Studies indicate that warmer sea temperatures are linked to a rise in the intensity and potentially the frequency of tropical cyclones.
• Example: Cyclone Idai (2019) in the Indian Ocean intensified quickly as it passed over unusually warm waters, causing devastating impacts in Mozambique.

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Changes in Cyclone Tracks:

• Warmer SSTs can alter atmospheric circulation patterns, potentially changing the paths that tropical cyclones take. This could lead to storms impacting areas that previously experienced fewer direct hits.

Example: Increased SSTs in the Western Pacific may shift cyclone tracks towards Japan and the Philippines, leading to more frequent and severe impacts.

Conclusion

The rise in sea surface temperatures is a critical factor influencing the formation and intensity of tropical cyclones. As climate change continues to affect global temperatures, understanding and addressing the implications of SST rise becomes essential for disaster preparedness and climate resilience in vulnerable regions.

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