Q16. What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico?

Approach

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Introduction

A twister, or tornado, is a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground, capable of causing massive destruction.

Body

Features of a Twister:

  • Shape: Funnel-shaped cloud, usually connected to the base of a thunderstorm and extending to the ground.
  • Wind Speed: Ranges from 65 km/h to over 300 km/h, depending on the intensity.
  • Size: Twisters typically span 150 meters in width but can grow to 2 kilometres.
  • Duration: Tornadoes last from a few minutes to over an hour.
  • Path Length: Twisters can travel several kilometres, with some exceeding 100 kilometres.

Formation of a Twister:

                                        

  • Thunderstorm Development: Tornadoes form in severe thunderstorms, particularly supercells, which have rotating updrafts known as mesocyclones.
  • Wind Shear: Changes in wind speed and direction at different altitudes cause horizontal spinning air.
  • Updraft: The storm’s updraft tilts the spinning air vertically, creating a mesocyclone.
  • Tornado Development: When the mesocyclone tightens, it may extend downward to form a tornado.

Why Twisters Are Common Around the Gulf of Mexico:

  • Clash of Air Masses: Warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico meets cold, dry air from Canada, creating perfect conditions for tornadoes.
  • Flat Terrain: The central U.S. has flat terrain, which allows free movement of air masses.
  • Jet Stream: The polar jet stream dips into the area, enhancing wind shear and providing the necessary lift for storms.
  • Peak Season: Tornadoes are most common in spring and early summer, as the temperature contrast is greatest during this time.
  • Supercell Thunderstorms: The region frequently experiences supercells, the leading producers of tornadoes.

Conclusion

Twisters are powerful natural phenomena, particularly prevalent in Tornado Alley, where geographic and atmospheric conditions align. Improved forecasting and early warning systems have helped reduce the human toll, though the challenge of minimizing damage remains.

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