Q17. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?

Model Answer:

Introduction

The 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was a pivotal global climate summit held in Glasgow, Scotland in November 2021. This conference brought together world leaders, policymakers, and stakeholders to address the urgent challenges posed by climate change and to strengthen collective efforts toward achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.

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Major Outcomes of COP26

  • Glasgow Climate Pact: The conference resulted in the adoption of the Glasgow Climate Pact, which calls for stronger climate action and financing.
  • Enhanced Emissions Reduction Targets: Many countries pledged to enhance their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Coal Phase-Down Agreement: For the first time in COP history, there was an explicit agreement to "phase down" coal use, although the initial "phase out" language was softened.
  • Methane Pledge: Over 100 countries agreed to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
  • Deforestation Commitment: More than 100 countries, representing about 85% of the world's forests, pledged to end deforestation by 2030.
  • Climate Finance: Developed countries reaffirmed their commitment to mobilise $100 billion annually for climate action in developing countries.
  • Article 6 Rules: Agreement was reached on the implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, establishing rules for carbon markets.

India's Commitments at COP26

  • India's Commitments at COP26
  • Net-Zero Target: India announced its aim to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
  • Renewable Energy: Commitment to increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
  • Emissions Intensity Reduction: Pledge to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels.
  • Energy from Renewables: Promise to meet 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.
  • Carbon Reduction: Commitment to reduce total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from 2021 to 2030.

Conclusion

COP26 marked a significant step forward in global climate action, with countries making more ambitious commitments and reaching agreements on crucial issues like coal use and deforestation. 

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