Q.17 “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu?

Model Answer:

Introduction

Post-independent India has witnessed remarkable achievements by women in various fields. For instance, Indira Gandhi became the first female Prime Minister, Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian woman in space, and Mary Kom has excelled in boxing. Despite these successes, Indian society remains largely patriarchal. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2023, India ranks 127th out of 156 countries, highlighting persistent gender inequality.

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Legal Reforms:

  • Criminalising Triple Talaq: The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, criminalised instant triple talaq, providing legal protection to Muslim women.
  • Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This act offers protection to women from domestic violence, ensuring their safety and dignity.
  • Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013: This law aims to create a safe working environment for women.
  • Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Extending maternity leave to 26 weeks, this act supports working mothers.

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Inheritance Rights:

  • Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005: This amendment grants daughters equal rights to ancestral property, promoting gender equality in inheritance.
  • Equal Rights in Agricultural Land: States like Karnataka and Maharashtra have amended laws to provide women equal rights in agricultural land, enhancing their economic status.
  • Awareness Campaigns: Government and NGOs should run awareness campaigns to educate women about their inheritance rights.

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Representation in Local Bodies and Politics:

  • Women Sarpanch: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments mandate 33% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions, leading to over 1.3 million women representatives.
  • Political Participation: Increasing the number of women in legislative assemblies and Parliament can help in addressing gender-specific issues more effectively.
  • Leadership Training: Programs like the National Commission for Women’s leadership training for women in politics can enhance their effectiveness.

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Participation in Formal Employment:

  • Skill Development: Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) focus on skill development for women, increasing their employability.
  • Parental Leave: Policies promoting parental leave for both parents can help in balancing domestic responsibilities, reducing the burden on women.
  • Flexible Work Hours: Encouraging flexible work hours and remote working options can help women balance work and family life.
  • Entrepreneurship Support: Schemes like the Stand-Up India initiative provide financial support to women entrepreneurs, fostering economic independence.

Conclusion

‍Women empowerment is crucial for the holistic development of society. Legal reforms, inheritance rights, political representation, and increased participation in formal employment are essential to change the patriarchal mindset. A combined effort in these areas can accelerate the process of women empowerment, leading to a more equitable and progressive society.

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