Q.14 The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The interlinking of rivers aims to address the dual problems of drought and flood in India by redistributing water from surplus to deficit areas. India faces significant water challenges, with 54% of the country experiencing high to extremely high water stress (NITI Aayog, 2018).

Body

Pros of River Interlinking:

  • Reduced Drought Affected Areas: By transferring water from surplus to deficit regions, interlinking can mitigate drought impacts. For instance, the Ken-Betwa link aims to provide irrigation to 1.27 million hectares in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Hydroelectric Power Generation: Projects like the Damanganga-Pinjal link can generate hydroelectric power, contributing to energy security.
  • Improved Irrigation: Enhanced irrigation facilities can boost agricultural productivity, ensuring food security.
  • Reduced Flooding: By channelling excess water from flood-prone areas, interlinking can reduce flood risks. The Ganga-Cauvery link is expected to alleviate flooding in the Ganga basin.
  • Economic Development: Improved water availability can spur economic activities, particularly in agriculture and industry.

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Cons of River Interlinking:

  • Environmental Impacts: Large-scale projects can disrupt ecosystems, affecting biodiversity. The Ken-Betwa project threatens the Panna Tiger Reserve.
  • Water Quality: Altering natural water courses can impact water quality, affecting both human and ecological health.
  • High Costs: The estimated cost of the National Perspective Plan for interlinking is around ₹5.6 lakh crore, posing significant financial challenges.
  • Technological Challenges: Implementing such large-scale projects requires advanced technology and expertise.
  • Disputes Over Water Sharing: Inter-state water disputes, like those between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the Cauvery, can complicate interlinking efforts.
  • Federalism and Inter-State Cooperation: Effective implementation requires robust cooperation between states, which can be challenging.

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Potential for Addressing Issues:

  • Drought: Interlinking can provide a reliable water supply to drought-prone areas, enhancing resilience.
  • Flood: By diverting excess water, interlinking can mitigate flood risks, protecting lives and property.
  • Navigation: Improved water flow can enhance inland navigation, promoting trade and connectivity.

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Constraints and Challenges:

  • Technological and Financial Constraints: High costs and technological demands can hinder progress.
  • Environmental Concerns: Potential ecological damage necessitates careful planning and mitigation measures.
  • Inter-State Disputes: Effective resolution mechanisms are essential to address water-sharing conflicts.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while river interlinking offers potential solutions to India's water challenges, it must be approached sustainably. A balanced strategy, incorporating both demand and supply-side initiatives, is crucial. This includes enhancing water-use efficiency, rainwater harvesting, and watershed management to complement interlinking efforts.

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