Q15. How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism?

Model Answer :

Introduction

Mountain ecosystems are unique ecological zones characterised by their altitude, climate, and biodiversity. They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating climate, providing freshwater, and supporting diverse flora and fauna. However, recent events such as the Kedarnath floods in 2013 and the increasing waste accumulation in popular tourist destinations like Manali and Shimla highlight the negative impacts of unchecked development and tourism.

Body

• Government Policies and Programs:some text
  1. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE): This mission aims to understand the complex interactions between the Himalayan ecosystem and climate change, and to develop strategies for sustainable development.
  2. National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS): Focuses on conservation and sustainable management of the Himalayan ecosystem through research and development.
  3. Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs): Designated areas around protected areas to regulate and manage developmental activities, ensuring minimal impact on the environment.
  4. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Though a broader initiative, it includes specific measures for waste management in tourist-heavy mountain regions.
• International Provisions and Organisations:some text
  1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Works globally to promote sustainable development and environmental conservation, including mountain ecosystems.
  2. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Encourages countries to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, including mountain regions.
  3. Mountain Partnership: A United Nations voluntary alliance dedicated to improving the lives of mountain people and protecting mountain environments around the world.
• Sustainable Tourism Practices:some text
  1. Promoting Eco-Tourism: Encouraging tourism that focuses on experiencing and preserving natural environments, such as trekking and wildlife watching, while minimizing environmental impact.
  2. Enforcing Strict Regulations on Waste Management: Implementing policies for waste segregation, recycling, and disposal to reduce pollution in mountain areas.
  3. Encouraging Local Community Involvement: Involving local communities in tourism activities to ensure that they benefit economically while also taking responsibility for environmental conservation.

Conclusion

Restoring mountain ecosystems is vital for maintaining ecological balance, as they are sources of freshwater, biodiversity, and climate regulation.A collaborative approach involving governments, local communities, and international organisations is necessary to effectively restore and protect mountain ecosystems.

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