Subject: Disaster Management

India's journey in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has evolved from a reactive to a proactive approach, marked by significant policy and institutional reforms. The signing of international frameworks has further strengthened the country's commitment to building disaster resilience.

Measures taken for DRR Before Sendai Framework

Institutional Measures:

• Establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in 2005 as the apex body for disaster management.
• Creation of State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) at state and district levels.
• Setting up of National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for capacity building and research.

Financial Measures:

• Implementation of National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) for immediate relief.
• The 15th Finance Commission allocated ₹1,28,122.40 crore to SDRF for 2021-2026.

Measures taken After Sendai Framework

Policy Initiatives:

• Formulation of National Disaster Management Plan 2016 aligned with Sendai Framework priorities.
• Introduction of Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) to promote resilient infrastructure.
• Development of State Disaster Mitigation Fund (SDMF) with allocation of ₹32,030.60 crore.

Implementation Strategies:

• Integration of Early Warning Systems using advanced technology.
• Focus on Build Back Better principle in post-disaster reconstruction.
• Emphasis on community-based disaster risk management.

Differences between Sendai and Hyogo Framework

Scope and Focus:

• Hyogo Framework (2005-2015) primarily focused on disaster loss reduction.
• Sendai Framework (2015-2030) encompasses broader aspects including prevention, mitigation, and recovery.

Target Areas:

• Hyogo had 5 priorities for action focusing on institutional mechanisms.
• Sendai expanded to 7 targets including mortality reduction, economic loss reduction, and international cooperation.

Implementation Approach:

• Hyogo emphasized national and local level actions.
• Sendai promotes multi-stakeholder engagement and shared responsibility.

India's commitment to disaster resilience is reflected in its comprehensive approach incorporating both frameworks while emphasizing local solutions. The success of these measures is evident in reduced mortality rates during recent disasters like Cyclone Yaas and Cyclone Amphan, demonstrating the effectiveness of the National Disaster Management Framework.