Q6. “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate protection and prevention of degradation to the environment.” Comment with relevant illustrations.

Model Answer:

Introduction

Environmental degradation in India is often the result of conflicting policy priorities among various sectors and stakeholders. Economic growth, infrastructure development, industrial expansion, and agricultural needs frequently clash with environmental conservation goals, leading to inadequate protection of natural resources.

Body

Policy Contradictions:

• Economic Development vs. Environmental Protection: Policies promoting industrialization and infrastructure, such as mining and the construction of highways, often result in deforestation and habitat destruction. For example, coal mining in Central India has led to large-scale deforestation and displacement of wildlife.
• Agriculture vs. Water Conservation: Agricultural policies promoting water-intensive crops like sugarcane and rice in water-scarce regions, such as Maharashtra, have resulted in severe groundwater depletion, contributing to ecological imbalances and long-term water shortages.
• Urban Expansion vs. Green Spaces: Rapid urbanisation policies, such as the development of smart cities, have often neglected the preservation of green spaces, leading to air pollution and loss of biodiversity in cities like Delhi and Mumbai.
• Energy Sector vs. Climate Change Goals: The promotion of thermal power plants to meet rising energy demands contradicts India’s commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under international climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement.

Relevant Illustrations:

1. Western Ghats: The Gadgil Committee recommended stringent environmental regulations for the Western Ghats, but these were diluted in favor of developmental activities like mining, resulting in environmental degradation.
2. River Pollution: Industrial discharge into rivers, despite environmental regulations, has resulted in pollution of major rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna, showcasing the conflict between industrial growth and water conservation policies.

Conclusion

‍The policy contradictions between development and environmental protection have resulted in insufficient safeguards for India’s natural resources. A more integrated approach, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation, is essential for sustainable development.

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