Q6. Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics.

Model Answer:

Introduction

A mantle plume is a localized column of hot, molten rock rising from deep within the Earth’s mantle. It creates volcanic activity and is associated with hotspots, affecting tectonic plate movements. 

Body

Role of Mantle Plumes in Plate Tectonics

1. Heat Transfer Mechanism: Mantle plumes facilitate the transfer of heat from the Earth’s interior to the surface, influencing tectonic plate dynamics and stability.
2. Formation of Hotspots: Mantle plumes can create volcanic hotspots, leading to the formation of islands like Hawaii, independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
3. Influencing Plate Motion: The upward force exerted by mantle plumes can alter the movement of tectonic plates, contributing to continental drift over geological time.
4. Creating Oceanic Features: As plumes rise and cool, they can create seamounts and other oceanic features, impacting ocean circulation and marine ecosystems.
5. Volcanic Activity: Mantle plumes are responsible for increased volcanic activity, producing large igneous provinces that can reshape landscapes and affect climate.
6. Interaction with Plate Boundaries: Plumes can interact with tectonic plate boundaries, leading to complex geological formations and often resulting in seismic activity and earthquakes.
7. Long-term Geological Processes: The activity of mantle plumes influences long-term geological processes, including the formation of mountain ranges and changes in Earth’s crust composition.

Conclusion

Mantle plumes play a vital role in plate tectonics by driving geological processes, influencing volcanic activity, and shaping the Earth’s surface over time.

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