Q18. In December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for the occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.

Model Answer:

Introduction

A tsunami is a series of powerful ocean waves caused by large-scale disturbances such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides. On December 26, 2004, a massive undersea earthquake off the coast of Sumatra triggered a devastating tsunami that impacted 14 countries, including India. This catastrophe led to significant loss of life, destruction of property, and long-term economic impacts. Understanding the factors responsible for tsunamis and the preparedness measures to mitigate their effects is crucial for minimizing future risks.

Body

Factors Responsible for the Occurrence of Tsunami

1. Submarine Earthquakes
   The 2004 tsunami was triggered by an undersea earthquake (9.1 magnitude) along the Indian Ocean’s Sunda Trench. Such quakes displace large volumes of water, causing waves to radiate across the ocean.
2. Volcanic Eruptions
   Underwater volcanic activity can also generate tsunamis by displacing water through explosions or caldera collapses.
3. Underwater Landslides
   Seismic activity or volcanic eruptions can trigger landslides on the ocean floor, displacing water and generating tsunamis.
4. Meteorological Phenomena
   Although less common, tsunamis can be caused by atmospheric disturbances like meteotsunamis, which are generated by fast-moving weather systems.

Effects on Life and Economy

1. Loss of Life
   The 2004 tsunami killed more than 230,000 people across multiple countries, including thousands in India, primarily along the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
2. Infrastructure Damage
   Coastal infrastructure—homes, roads, ports, and power systems—was destroyed. Fishing communities lost boats and equipment, disrupting livelihoods.
3. Economic Losses
   The economic damage was immense, particularly in tourism and fisheries. Many coastal economies were devastated, and recovery took years.
4. Environmental Impact
   The tsunami caused significant damage to coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and coastal wetlands, which further weakened natural defenses.

Preparedness Mechanisms (NDMA Guidelines, 2010)

1. Early Warning Systems
   Establishment of tsunami early warning systems is crucial for providing timely alerts. India has developed the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) for real-time monitoring.
2. Community Awareness and Education
   NDMA guidelines emphasize educating coastal populations about tsunami risks, safe evacuation routes, and the importance of response drills.
3. Infrastructure Planning
   Coastal zone management, building codes, and land-use planning should account for tsunami risks. Construction of tsunami-resistant structures is encouraged.
4. Evacuation Plans
   Effective evacuation strategies, including the establishment of high-ground safe zones, are critical for minimizing casualties. Well-marked evacuation routes and public awareness programs ensure preparedness.
5. Disaster Response and Recovery
   NDMA guidelines call for a coordinated disaster response, with trained personnel, equipped shelters, and provisions for post-disaster recovery and rehabilitation.

Conclusion

Tsunamis are natural disasters with catastrophic impacts on life, property, and economies. The 2004 tsunami demonstrated the devastating potential of these events. Preparedness, as outlined by the NDMA’s 2010 guidelines, is essential for reducing risks and ensuring faster recovery. Early warning systems, community education, and well-planned evacuation strategies can save lives and mitigate damage during such events.

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