Q10. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The tribals in India are referred to as "Scheduled Tribes" (STs) because they are listed in a special schedule of the Indian Constitution. This classification recognizes their unique socio-economic challenges, cultural identities, and historical marginalisation. The Constitution of India includes specific provisions aimed at their upliftment, ensuring their protection, development, and inclusion in the national mainstream.

Body

Definition of Scheduled Tribes:

• Scheduled Tribes are communities identified by the Constitution based on their distinct culture, geographical isolation, and historical social disadvantages.
• They are listed in the Schedule of the Indian Constitution under Article 342, and the President of India, in consultation with state governments, can specify tribes in different states.

Major Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 15 and 16: Provide for the prohibition of discrimination and guarantee of equal opportunities in employment, with special provisions for STs.
• Article 46: Directs the state to promote the educational and economic interests of STs, ensuring protection from social injustice and exploitation.
• Fifth and Sixth Schedules: Provide for the administration and control of areas with significant tribal populations, enabling self-governance in tribal regions. The Fifth Schedule covers mainland tribal areas, while the Sixth Schedule provides autonomy to tribal regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Reservation in Politics (Article 330 and 332): STs are provided with reserved seats in the Parliament and state legislatures to ensure their political representation.
• Article 275: Allows for grants-in-aid to states for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes, supporting the development of tribal areas.
• Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): Empowers Gram Sabhas to manage natural resources and ensure self-governance in tribal areas.

Conclusion

‍Scheduled Tribes in India have been recognized as a vulnerable group needing special constitutional provisions for their upliftment. The Indian Constitution enshrines several protections and developmental measures to address their socio-economic backwardness, preserve their cultural identity, and ensure their participation in the democratic process, thereby promoting their overall welfare and empowerment.

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