Q16. The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.

Model Answer:

Introduction

India, located on the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, is highly prone to seismic activity. The Himalayan region, northeastern states, and parts of western and central India frequently experience earthquakes. Although earthquake frequency seems to be rising, India’s preparedness to handle these disasters remains insufficient. Various aspects such as infrastructure, early warning systems, policy frameworks, and public awareness are critical to improving earthquake resilience in the country.

Body

Aspects of Earthquake Preparedness in India

• Infrastructure Vulnerability:
  • Many buildings and infrastructures, especially in densely populated urban areas, are not built to withstand high-magnitude earthquakes.
  • Older structures and informal settlements lack seismic-resilient designs, putting large populations at risk.
• Early Warning Systems and Technology:
  • India lacks a comprehensive real-time earthquake early warning system, unlike countries such as Japan.
  • Limited use of advanced technologies like remote sensing, IoT sensors, and AI hinders the effectiveness of early detection and timely alerts.
• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks:
  • Although building codes (e.g., IS 1893) prescribe seismic-resistant construction, enforcement remains weak, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas.
  • A lack of standardised protocols across states and insufficient regulatory monitoring impede uniform implementation of safety standards.
• Disaster Response and Relief Infrastructure:
  • India’s National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) plays a key role in relief, but limited resources and personnel restrict its effectiveness, especially in remote regions.
  • The absence of pre-planned evacuation routes, designated shelters, and emergency medical facilities further weakens disaster response efforts.
• Public Awareness and Education:
  • Public knowledge on earthquake preparedness and safety measures is low, particularly in high-risk zones.
  • Drills, community-based training, and educational campaigns on “Drop, Cover, and Hold” techniques are infrequent.
• Research and Data Management:
  • Limited focus on seismic research and the lack of centralised data-sharing platforms restrict insights into fault lines, risk assessment, and prediction.
  • Investing in geophysical studies and data collaboration with international institutions could improve preparedness.

‍Conclusion

India’s preparedness for mitigating earthquake impacts has significant room for improvement. Strengthening infrastructure, implementing early warning systems, enforcing strict building codes, enhancing disaster response capabilities, and increasing public awareness are essential steps. Taking a proactive approach, with a focus on community involvement and technological advancements, can significantly reduce the risks and impacts of future earthquakes, safeguarding lives and property across the subcontinent.

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