Q1. Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment.
Model Answer:
Introduction
Sangam literature, dating from 300 BCE to 300 CE, offers a rich tapestry of Tamil society's social and economic conditions. Though lacking a cohesive political history, it provides vivid insights into early South Indian civilization.
Body
Social and Economic conditions of the Sangam period
- Social Conditions: Sangam literature reveals a complex social hierarchy, including warriors, traders, and poets, showing a society with distinct roles. Family bonds and kinship relations are central themes, emphasizing loyalty and social cohesion.
- Ecological and Cultural Diversity: Sangam poems classify regions into ecological zones—Kurinji, Marutham, Mullai, Neydal, and Palai—each with specific social customs and lifestyles. This classification highlights the society's adaptation to diverse environments across Tamil Nadu.
- Economic Conditions: Agriculture was foundational in Sangam society, especially in the Marutham regions. Major crops included rice, sugarcane, and millet, indicating a robust agrarian economy supporting the populace and regional stability.
- Trade Networks: Trade thrived, with ports like Puhar connecting South India to Rome and Southeast Asia. Exports included spices, pearls, and textiles, while imports featured luxury goods, symbolizing extensive economic exchange and prosperity.
- Cultural Values and Ethics: Sangam literature upholds valour, loyalty, and hospitality as cherished values. Kings and warriors are lauded for bravery, while patronage and generosity reflect nobility’s duties, underscoring a society deeply rooted in ethical codes.
Conclusion
Though lacking political chronology, Sangam literature vividly documents early Tamil society’s social and economic life. Its insights into daily life and values make it an indispensable source for understanding South India's ancient civilization.
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