The National Wetland Conservation Programme aims to protect and sustainably manage India's wetlands, recognizing their ecological and economic significance. Several wetlands in India, including those designated as Ramsar Sites, highlight the country's commitment to biodiversity conservation.

Q.17 Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) was initiated by the Government of India in 1987 with the primary objective of conserving and managing the country's wetlands. Wetlands are crucial ecosystems that provide numerous ecological services, including water purification, flood control, and habitat for a diverse range of flora and fauna.

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Objectives

1. Identification and Inventorysome text
   • To identify and prepare an inventory of wetlands in India.
   • To prioritise wetlands for conservation based on their ecological significance.
2. Conservation and Managementsome text
   • To implement conservation measures to protect and restore wetlands.
   • To promote sustainable management practices that balance ecological and socio-economic needs.
3. Research and Monitoringsome text
   • To conduct scientific research to understand the ecological dynamics of wetlands.
   • To establish monitoring systems to track the health and status of wetlands.
4. Capacity Building and Awarenesssome text
   • To build capacity among stakeholders, including local communities, for effective wetland management.
   • To raise awareness about the importance of wetlands and the need for their conservation.

Key Activities

1. Restoration Projectssome text
   • Implementation of restoration projects to revive degraded wetlands.
   • Activities include desilting, removal of invasive species, and reforestation of catchment areas.
2. Community Involvementsome text
   • Involving local communities in conservation efforts through participatory management approaches.
   • Providing alternative livelihood options to reduce dependency on wetland resources.
3. Policy and Legislationsome text
   • Formulating policies and regulations to protect wetlands from encroachment and pollution.
   • Integrating wetland conservation into broader environmental and land-use planning policies.
4. Funding and Supportsome text
   • Providing financial assistance to state governments and other agencies for wetland conservation projects.
   • Collaborating with international organisations for technical and financial support.

India's Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites)

India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. As of the latest data, India has 75 Ramsar Sites, which are wetlands of international importance. Here are a few notable ones:

1. Chilika Lake, Odishasome text
   • Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, known for its rich biodiversity and as a critical habitat for migratory birds.
2. Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthansome text
   • A man-made wetland and bird sanctuary, famous for its avian diversity and as a wintering ground for migratory birds.
3. Sundarbans Wetland, West Bengalsome text
   • The largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, home to the Bengal tiger and numerous other species.
4. Loktak Lake, Manipursome text
   • The largest freshwater lake in northeastern India, known for its phumdis (floating islands) and the Keibul Lamjao National Park.
5. Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmirsome text
   • One of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia, playing a crucial role in flood control and supporting a rich biodiversity.
6. Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradeshsome text
   • Comprising two lakes, Upper and Lower Bhoj, it supports a variety of flora and fauna and provides water to the city of Bhopal.

Conclusion

The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) is a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at conserving and managing the country's vital wetland ecosystems. Through various activities such as restoration projects, community involvement, policy formulation, and funding support, the NWCP seeks to protect these crucial habitats. India's commitment to wetland conservation is further demonstrated by its participation in the Ramsar Convention, with several wetlands designated as Ramsar Sites, highlighting their international importance. These efforts are essential for maintaining the ecological balance and ensuring the sustainable use of wetland resources.

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