Q14. Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts that always attract controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects.

Model Answer:

Introduction

Major projects often demand substantial resources, particularly land. The United Nations Human Rights Commission has recognized Project Displaced Persons (PDP) as a distinct category of Internally Displaced Persons.

Body

Most of these projects are situated in forested areas and mineral-rich regions, disproportionately affecting tribal communities and forest dwellers. 

As a result, approximately 40% of displaced individuals are tribals, despite them making up only 8% of India's total population. For instance, the Sardar Sarovar project displaced over a million people.

The implementation of the progressive Land Acquisition Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act of 2013 can significantly change this landscape. This Act replaced the outdated colonial Land Acquisition Act of 1884, which had caused considerable resentment among affected communities.

Measures for Mitigation

1. Comprehensive Social Impact Assessment: Conduct thorough environmental and social impact assessments to identify potential effects on human settlements, ensuring informed decision-making during the planning phase of major projects.
2. Stakeholder Engagement: Involve local communities and stakeholders early in the planning process to address their concerns, gather insights, and foster transparency, promoting trust and collaboration.
3. Resettlement Planning: Develop detailed resettlement plans that prioritize the needs of displaced populations, ensuring they receive adequate compensation, housing, and livelihood support to facilitate smooth transitions.
4. Infrastructure Development: Upgrade existing infrastructure or provide new amenities, including roads, schools, and healthcare facilities, in resettlement areas to enhance living standards and promote community well-being.
5. Sustainable Livelihood Programs: Implement programs to support alternative livelihoods for displaced individuals, including skill development and access to microfinance, fostering economic resilience and reducing dependency on traditional livelihoods.  

Conclusion

Addressing the rehabilitation of human settlements is crucial for sustainable development. Effective measures must ensure that displaced communities are supported, maintaining their social fabric and well-being during transitions. 

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